Pope Francis is set to make his first Christmas speech as pontiff in front of thousands of pilgrims in St Peter’s Square in the Vatican, BBC reports.

The Argentine pope is expected to tackle themes such as global poverty, which he has focused on since taking over from Benedict in March this year.

Last year Benedict used his Christmas address to call for peace in Syria.

Christians around the world are celebrating Christmas, which marks the birth of Jesus Christ in Bethlehem.

On Tuesday evening thousands gathered in Bethlehem’s Manger Square for Christmas Eve celebrations.

The nearby Church of the Nativity sits on the spot where Jesus is said to have been born.

BBC says it was the biggest crowd to attend the event in years.
Latin Patriarch Archbishop Fouad Twal, the most senior Roman Catholic cleric in the Holy Land, called on the crowd to be “brothers with each other.”

Pope Francis celebrated his first Christmas Eve Mass since becoming pontiff at St Peter’s Basilica.

In a short homily, Francis said that every Christian can choose between darkness and light, between love and hate.

Recently, applicants who applied for the job from NBS consulting firm last month, receive a notification text message from nexiabusinessolutions.com requesting them to visit their website to print their

invitation letters for the interview.

This is a sample of the sms received by some applicants 

We refer to your response to our advert on NYSC and hereby invite you for a selection test on 21st December 2013. please visit our site to obtain your invitation letter.

The process of printing this letter is just very simple because is very easy.
Follow these four procedures carefully:

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(2)click on applicant login

you  will see aptitude test invitation login

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Please you are advised to go to your respective test center on 21th December.
we wish you luck.
For some of you that didn't get their application ID, we are still searching for a lasting solution for them which will be posted here on this website/blog soon, we advise you to keep checking back to see if we have come up with something.

NOTE: Please be informed that we are not Staff/Admin of NBS Consulting, but we are doing this to help Nigerians to get a job.

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There are suggestions that famous trading communications guru, Mr. Sesan Ogunro, assembly organising controller, Eminent Communications and Spot-On newspapers, might have been slain by a gang of small-time robbers who were out to rob vehicles. This could contradict speculations that his killers were hired assassins. policeman causes revealed that findings from their enquiries so far disclosed that Ogunro was a casualty of a robbery gone awful.

A source who spoke to Vanguard on anonymity, said a visit to the misdeed scene, meetings from eyewitnesses and understanding accumulated so far, sharp to the detail that the robbers were immature, and could not command their disquiet.

According to the source, “we’ve been to the view and we’ve spoken to eyewitnesses. It is conspicuous that the gunmen were small-time robbers and no one would have hired such as an assassin.

Target was his Mercedes Benz SUV

“Their target was his Mercedes Benz SUV, but they sensed threatened when he chucked the key at the floor and they shot him. I see no cause why they would have done such.

“When we travelled to the scene, we retrieved the consumed cartridge that was used and we accepted that it was fired from a locally-made gun.”

Spokesperson for the Lagos State policeman Command, Ngozi Braide, a Deputy Superintendent, said the order was on the trail of the bandits.

In a statement, she said: ”About 22:42 hours on December 22, a distress call was received by the Alausa partition of the Police order. It was accumulated that four equipped men functioning in a Honda Odyssey tried to snatch a Mercedes Benz ML SUV belonging to Mr Ogunro.

“The man resisted and chucked away the key of the SUV, therefore the armed men shot him. They abandoned the Honda Odyssey and got away with a red Toyota Yaris vehicle belonging to the wife, who was standing with him at the view.

“The view was travelled to directly by the Divisional Police agent (DPO) and a team and the occurrence was verified. The DPO also travelled to the casualty at the Lagoon clinic where he was obtaining remedy, though in critical critical.”

She said no one of the relations had made statement on the occurrence.

The policeman spokesperson clarified that the Honda Odyssey was confirmed to have been snatched from somebody recognised as Ali Balogun at Ebute-Metta at 8pm.

The owner was allegedly fallen off at Jobi-Fele Way in Alausa, Ikeja, from where she was taken to the station.

Braide said the policeman had started investigation into the occurrence and the seek for the escaping hoodlums.

Vanguard further gathered that Ogunro sighted the bandits harassing his wife and young kids in the Toyota Yaris vehicle they came in at the entrance of their place of worship, the worldwide place of worship of Christ, along Jobi-Fele Way in Alausa, where he came to a Christmas Carol service.

After the strike, the murderers were said to have hurled out Ogunro’s son and grandchildren from the back of the vehicle before racing off with it.

They were also said to have abandoned the vehicle they initially came in, which is now in the custody of the police at the Alausa policeman position.

Our source furthermore asserted that the slain Ogunro was first rushed to the Lagoon Hospital on Obafemi Awolowo Way, Ikeja, before he was conveyed in an ambulance to the hospital’s head office in Apapa for exceptional vigilance.

Ogunro shot with dane cannon

”You know because he was shot with a dane cannon, the pellets disperse all around his stomach and perforated his internal body parts.

Fashiola consoles family

meantime, administrator Babatunde Fashola of Lagos State, yesterday, paid a condolence visit to the Ogunro family, recounting the late advocating guru as a man with a really edgy essence and expert of his art.

Fashola, who was at Ogunro’s Ogudu GRA house, was received by the widow, Mrs. Dupe Ogunro and the children of the deceased.

Some of the children present throughout the visit were Mrs. Damilola Gbadebo-Ogunro, Mr. Timayo Ogunro and overlook Fade Ogunro.

Fashola at the occasion added that his management and really the Nigerian nation have lost a most resourceful character who will surely be missed by all.

Said he: “On behalf of my wife, Dame Emmanuella, the Government and persons of Lagos State, delight accept my condolences and be guaranteed that we are in prayers with you and constituents of your family for the peaceful repose of the soul of your husband and for the Almighty God to grant you the fortitude to accept this loss.”

leader Jonathan Goodluck yesterday submitted himself to the National Human privileges Commission, NHRC, for search over lawless person allegations against him by previous leader Olusegun Obasanjo.Former leader Obasanjo had written an 18-page open letter to Jonathan, accusing him of incompetence, engaging in anti-party undertakings, ethnicism and teaching about 1,000 snipers ahead of the 2015 samples.

Jonathan, who rejected the accusations in his response, is expressly inviting the rights charge to disclose the reality in the allegation that his government had started training over 1,000 snipers to terminate his political adversaries.

In a letter to the charge, leader Jonathan is searching for a thorough investigation of the accusations against him, moving on supposed human privileges abuses.

The note, marked by the Attorney-General of the Federation, Mr. Mohammed Adoke, SAN, on the directive of Jonathan, had currently been submitted to NHRC.

The note dated December 23, 2013 was submitted yesterday. Sources close to the Presidency told National Mirror that alike letters had been written to the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other associated infringements Commission, ICPC, and the Economic and Financial misdeeds charge, EFCC.

The two anti-graft bureaus are to probe allegations of financial misdeeds and authorized corruption against the Jonathan’s management as contained in Obasanjo’s note.

Although, nationwide Mirror could not get exact replicates of the notes, a exact replicate of Jonathan’s letter to NHRC verified yesterday that both the ICPC and the EFCC had furthermore been administered to handle allegations moving on economic misdeeds.

In the memo marked by Adoke (SAN) and addressed to the Executive Secretary of the NHRC, Prof. Bem Angwe, the AGF demanded the commission to investigate the accusations on the human privileges violations comprised on sheets 9-10 of the letter antiquated December 2 written by previous President Obasanjo to leader Jonathan.

The memo with number HAGF/NHRC2013/Vol2/5 reads in part: “Re: Before it is too late: “May I draw your vigilance to the overhead and the adhered State House memorandum antiquated December 23, 2013 in esteem of the above subject matter.

“I am to demand you to enquire the allegations bothering on the human privileges violations comprised on sheets 9-10 of the last mentioned antiquated 2nd December 2013, written by former leader Olusegun Obasanjo, to leader Goodluck Jonathan, attached to the memorandum under quotation.

“In alignment to properly delineate the issues within your sphere of competence especially as other issues increased in the letter are being enquired by befitting agencies of government, I have determined to duplicate the applicable paragraphs underneath.

According to Adoke the paragraphs to be enquired by the charge are: “Allegations of keeping over 1,000 people on political watch list rather than lawless person or security watch register and teaching snippets and other armed staff furtively and clandestinely acquiring tools for fighting to agree for purposes like Abacha and teaching them where Abacha taught his own murderers, if it is factual, it cannot augur well for the initiator, the government and people of Nigeria. “Here again, there is message of his to learn from any person who cares to learn from annals.

Mr. President would habitually recall that he was voted into office to maintain security for all Nigerians for individual or political ambition or interest of any person.

“The Yoruba rush adage says ‘the man with whose head coconut is broken may not reside to savour the taste of the succulent fruit’. Those who suggest you to go hard on those who oppose you are your poorest foes.

“Democratic politics admits and is permissible of supporters and adversaries. When the penalties arrive, those who have incorrectly suggested you will not be there to help carry the can. Egypt must educate some lessons. “Presidential aid for a murderer to evade fairness and presidential delegation to welcome him home can only be in awful taste usually but particularly to the family of the casualty.

“Assisting lawless persons to avoid fairness will not be part of the job of the presidency. Or, as it is viewed in some quarters, is he being employed to do for you what he had finished for Abacha in the past? Hopefully, he should have discovered his lesson.

Let us continue to watch,” the memo supplemented. The Presidency had adhered two exhibits to the note including the initial note in writing by Obasanjo and the answer by President Jonathan.

Both notes were replete with accusations and counter- accusations, some of which were criminal. nationwide Mirror accumulated yesterday that the NHRC would invite the two dramatis personae in the urgent situation: previous leader Olusegun Obasanjo and leader Jonathan to expatiate on the accusations contained in the two notes.

A source at the charge, who did not desire his title cited, also said that those attached in the accusations would be invited to assist the privileges commission by supplying particulars to the accusations. The particulars, National Mirror discovered, would guide the charge to reach at a just conclusion on the sensitive issue. whereas the charge had acknowledged the note, no formal step has so far been taken on it.

The design by Akwa Ibom State administrator Godswill Akpabio to comprise the Ikot Ekpene District in the council in 2015 is developing ripples in the Abak Federal Constituency as many persons accept as true that the governor’s aspiration could falsify the zoning arrangement, composes KAZEEM IBRAHYM

The accumulating was meant to commemorate one of their own. But, it turned out into a political gathering. The persons, mostly youths and women from Abak Federal Constituency, came on distinct emblems of motorcycle to apprehend a glimpse of the yearly happening.

Abak Federal Constituency is made up of three localized government localizedities- Abak, Etim Ekpo and Ika. The happening, tagged ‘a get-together party for Ekerete Inyang,’ the organising Director of Ekinyang Petroleum, was full of joy and excitements.

The persons were unanimous in pleading with Governor Godswill Akpabio to jettison his senatorial aspiration and permit a credible aspirant from Abak government Constituency to represent the persons at the nationwide Assembly as the member of the senate comprising Ikot Ekpene Senatorial locality.

This, they contended, was the only way the zoning formula currently in location in the district would not be garbled. Dr. Alloysius Etok, who hails from Ikono government Constituency, is the present member of the senate comprising Ikot Ekpene Senatorial locality.

It is presently public knowledge that Akpabio, commonly mentioned to as “uncommon transformer” intends to move from the Government dwelling in Uyo to the upper sleeping room of the nationwide Assembly when he completes his tenure on May 29, 2015.

As the argument storms, public discussions on government in the state has middled on how the governor, who has earned himself some credits with his “uncommon transformation” events, would handle the assault for his successor and how to scale some of the obstacles on his way to the Senate.

The governor had notified The territory when asked what he would be doing after the expiration of his tenure in 2015 that he would desire to be a member of the senate. This, incidentally, is an agenda the governor has been chasing vigorously, telling his persons that his senatorial aspiration in 2015 was a done deal.

Here him: “Beyond 2015, I always envisage that with democracy prospering in Nigeria. I will see myself as a senator in 2015. I have really been approached by my persons and I have acknowledged their request that I should not just leave immediately. I had wanted to leave but they asserted that I should not leave. So I will be contesting for the Senate of the government Republic of Nigeria and God willing, God’s will will be done.”

But will the forces from Abak government Constituency allow the governor accomplish his aim? Only time will tell.

talking on the rationale behind the yearly get-together happening, Inyang observed that the annual get-together party for this year had suddenly turned into a political rally, where the persons of Abak Federal Constituency announced their demand for Ikot Ekpene senatorial seat. He noted that Abak Federal Constituency was the only constituency that had not made a member of the senate in the annals of the state.

According to him, Ikot Ekpene government Constituency, where administrator Akpabio hails from, had made three senators in the individuals of the late Chief Raymond Umoh between 1963 and 1967; the late Chief Nsima Akpabio between 1983 and 1984 and Chief Emmanuel Ibokessien between 1999 and 2003.

Inyang explained that the unfolding political scenario had made it imperative for the people to use the forum to create perception among the grassroots people and to declare their demand for Ikot Ekpene senatorial seat in 2015, supplementing that the demand was not negotiable.

admiring the people of Abak government Constituency for being united for the task ahead, he advised themto shun money government and be prepared to mobilise support for an skilled man from the locality, who has contributed his quota meaningfully to its development.

Corroborating Inyang’s stance, the organising Director of Bleadway Petroleum, Prince Benjamin Mboho, argued that Abak Federal Constituency had been marginalised, especially in the areas of infrastructural development and representation in the council.

Mboho urged the persons to stand up against marginalization, adding that they should be pledged to the task ahead. He said it was the right of Abak government Constituency to produce a member of the senate in 2015 since other government constituencies in Ikot Ekpene Senatorial locality had currently had their turns.

His words: “We know that from the annals of the state, we have been betrayed in periods of representation at the Senate. So, we are warming up to take our turn in 2015. We will extend to use every opening granted to us to notify our persons that it is the turn of Abak government Constituency to make a senator. Our people

Unidentified gunmen yesterday kidnapped the immediate past Primate of Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion), Peter Jasper Akinola.

Primate Akinola and his person driving were snatched away by the gunmen in Abeokuta, the Ogun State capital at about 3pm.

The Primate and his driver were last evening released from the kidnappers along Joga-Iboro Road near the border with Benin Republic, the policemanman said.

In what would have been one of the biggest situations of abduction, the 69-year-old previous fiery cleric was overpowered by the gun-totting men at the entry of the Peter Akionola base Centre for youth developed teaching at Kilometre 10 beside Obada-Oko along the Abeokuta-Lagos Expressway.

The former leader of the Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN) hails from Abeokuta. He was at the centre – which he founded to take care of the underprivileged – to examine some tasks inside the office when the gunmen raged the location.

The gunmen allegedly halted the Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) interior which he was and organised him and his driver out, pointing cannons at them.

They allegedly shot sporadically into the air before getting away with the cleric, his driver and his car.

The abductors had not established any communicate with the family as at last evening.

The policemanman cautioned against referring to the incident as kidnapping. But they verified that the Archbishop, who will turn 70 next month, was taken away by equipped one.

The CAN last evening accused the abduction of the primate.

CAN President Ayo Oritsejafor, talking through his exceptional Assistant on Media and Public activities, Kenny Ashaka said:

“It is totally unacceptable to us that Primate Jasper Akinola is kidnapped. This is a left man of God and we marvel what kind of cash the kidnappers desire to get from a left man of God. We accept as true that this kidnapping is for ransom.

“We plead with the kidnappers to issue him unconditionally and use the occasion of Christmas commemoration to contemplate on Christ’s eternal message of love, passion and humility. They should issue him directly.

“Instead of kidnapping men of God, the kidnappers should pray for managers, if devout or political.

“We are also calling on security agencies to quickly sway into action and help to pathway down these kidnappers. They should furthermore ensure that Primate Akinola is not harmed while releasing him.”

Last Sunday at the June 12 heritage Centre, Kuto, Abeokuta throughout the Ogun State Carol Service of Nine Lessons, Rev. Akinola read the third lesson in Yoruba.

Association Chairman Gbenga Gbesan told reporters that Rev. Akinola required not be subjected to such experience because, he habitually fought for the poor.

Gbesan said: “We appeal for the direct release of the revered Primate without any status attached to it whatsoever.

“And it was for this reason that he set up the Youth developed Training Centre to train jobless youth to acquire abilities to endow them lived a significant life.

policeman spokesman Olumuyiwa Adejobi told reporters in a telephone interview that it was early in the day to recount the occurrence as kidnapping, supplementing that security bureaus had been put on the attentive.

Adejobi said: “The fact that gunmen went away with the Bishop, his person driving and his vehicle does not connote kidnap.

“Our men at the boundary have been placed on the red attentive, he said undertaking that Rev. Akinola would be retrieved alive.”

Today is Christmas. It is an event to celebrate Christ’s birth and a time for introspection – on the state of the territory.

Leaders are preaching calm in their notes.

President Goodluck Jonathan commenced a sales propel for the national seminar — its contentious tablet for Nigeria’s many ailment.

council leader David Mark and dwelling of Representatives Speaker Aminu Tambuwal urged Nigerians to embrace calm, tolerance, love and harmony.

assess furthermore called for responsible leadership.

The leader thanked God for the grace that assisted Nigeria to overcome its trials since the last Christmas.

He said: “Let us all, therefore, resolve this Christmas to make the ideals of calm, harmony, tolerance, love and generosity to all even more manifest in our interactions with others.”

Jonathan promised that his administration would do its all to encourage delegates to the nationwide seminar next year to protected the required consensus for nationwide calm and harmony.

He said: “My administration will do all inside its powers and adeptness to double-check that when representatives of our persons assemble for the forthcoming national conference next year, they will have every opportunity and encouragement to make very important contributions towards forging the needed consensus for maintained nationwide calm, unity and progress.”

The President anticipates the nationwide conference to contribute mostly in the direction of the urgent tenacity of contentious issues which hinder Nigeria’s progress.

“With God Almighty as our direct, power and Enabler, My Administration will continue to implement its Agenda for nationwide Transformation in furtherance of its avowed firm pledge to advancing the dwelling situation of all Nigerians.”

“We will continue to enumerate on the prayers, support and collaboration of all patriotic Nigerians in the approaching year as we consolidate and construct on our achievements in several parts, including national security, power provide, communications, transport, wellbeing and education.

“As we commemorate the birth of the Prince of calm, let us all strive to honour Him more by dwelling our inhabits as He taught; by making individual forfeitures for the good of other ones, by displaying greater love for other ones, by being fairer and more dependable in our dealings with other ones, by being ever-willing to forgive those who outrage us and by always expanding generosity towards other ones.

“On behalf of myself, my family and the government Government, I desire you all very joyful Christmas commemorations, and a tranquil and prosperous 2014.”

Mark, in a statement by his Chief Press Secretary Paul Mumeh in Abuja, urged Nigerians to sink their dissimilarities, irrespective of ethnic, religious or political leanings and put the peace and harmony of the territory overhead other considerations.

The leader of the Senate recalled the ethno-religious confrontations that have claimed tallies of lives and house. He pleaded with Nigerians to rethink.

assess called on the political class to lead the route of calm, regulation and order, cautioning that nationwide interest and cohesion should not be sacrificed on the altar of one-by-one or assembly aspirations.

He noted that government should usually be a game and not a assault area and recalled those fanning the embers of war or disunity not to set the dwelling ablaze before they even get there.

assess said: “We have come a long way as a persons. We should glimpse us as one persons, one territory with a common destiny.

“We will not be moving in the turn around alignment when other countries are going to the moon.

“We have habitually accepted that the trials are tremendous but we must appreciate that nobody is coming from the space to explain our troubles for us. We should thus be adept to find home grown answers to our trials in a manner that would comfort and really persuade all sections.”

To the present crop of leaders, assess told them that it is incumbent on “all of us to proceed and behave in a to blame kind that would give believe and self-assurance to the people”.

He demanded the devout to passionately pray for the nation and its leaders, supplementing that the time calls for shrewd counsel and divine intervention.

The nationwide Assembly, assess guaranteed, would habitually stand by the persons, repeating that the welfare and security of the citizens remains the cornerstone of all legislation.

Tambuwal enjoined Nigerians to continue to contemplate on the affirmative tenets that unite the nation, reinforce the polity and enhance its stability and prosperity as they commemorate Christmas.

In a generosity message to Christians by his exceptional consultant on Media and Public activities, Mallam Imam Imam, the Speaker furthermore called for sustained prayers for calm, unity and steadiness in the country.

He admonished individuals of all faith to be their brother’s keepers and shun all vices and contradictory acts that can jeopardise the efforts of government in providing democracy dividends to the citizens.

“This time span calls for sober reflection and continued prayers for our costly territory. We must replicate on the teachings and lessons of Christmas and continue to exhibit good feature as well as continue hands of fellowship and construct blocks of harmony and comprehending to all irrespective of our seen differences.

“On our part we are committed to supplying legislative assesses and interventions that will support government’s effort at guaranteeing calm, welfare and security of Nigerians and the larger development of our costly homeland in line with our legislative agenda.

“On behalf of the dwelling of Representatives, I desire all Nigerians a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.”

How did the caringly Christian saint, good Bishop Nicholas, become a roly-poly red-suited American symbol for merry vacation festivity and financial activity? annals notifies the tale.

The first Europeans to arrive in the New World conveyed St. Nicholas. Vikings dedicated their cathedral to him in Greenland. On his first voyage, Columbus entitled a Haitian dock for St. Nicholas on December 6, 1492. In Florida, Spaniards entitled an early settlement St. Nicholas Ferry, now renowned as Jacksonville. although, St. Nicholas had a tough time throughout the 16th century Protestant Reformation which took a dim outlook of saints. Even though both reformers and counter-reformers endeavoured to mark out St. Nicholas-related culture, they had very little long-term achievement except in England where the religious folk customs were lastingly changed. (It is ironic that fervent Puritan Christians began what turned into a tendency to a more secular Christmas observance.) Because the widespread people so loved St. Nicholas, he survived on the European countries as people proceeded to place nuts, apples, and sweets in footwear left adjacent beds, on windowsills, or before the hearth.The first Colonists, primarily Puritans and other Protestant reformers, did not convey Nicholas customs to the New World. What about the Dutch? Although it is nearly unanimously accepted that the Dutch conveyed St. Nicholas to New Amsterdam, scholars find scant evidence of such customs in Dutch New Netherland. Colonial Germans in Pennsylvania kept the feast of St. Nicholas, and some later accounts have St. Nicholas visiting New York Dutch on New Years' Eve, thus taking up the English made-to-order (New Year gift-giving had become the English custom in 1558, supplanting Nicholas, and this English made-to-order lasted in New York until 1847).

In 1773 New York non-Dutch patriots formed the Sons of St. Nicholas, mainly as a non-British emblem to counter the English St. George societies, rather than to respect St. Nicholas. This humanity was similar to the children of St. Tammany in Philadelphia. Not exactly St. Nicholas, the children's gift-giver.After the American transformation, New Yorkers remembered with dignity their colony's nearly-forgotten Dutch origins. John Pintard, the influential patriot and antiquarian who founded the New York chronicled Society in 1804, encouraged St. Nicholas as patron saint of both society and town. In January 1809, Washington Irving connected the humanity and on St. Nicholas Day that same year, he released the satirical fiction, Knickerbocker's History of New York, with many references to a jolly St. Nicholas character. This was not the saintly bishop, rather an elfin Dutch burgher with a mud pipe. These charming air travel of imagination are the source of the New Amsterdam St. Nicholas legends: that the first Dutch emigrant ship had a figurehead of St. Nicholas: that St. Nicholas Day was observed in the colony; that the first place of worship was dedicated to him; and that St. Nicholas comes down chimneys to convey gifts. Irving's work was regarded as the "first prominent work of imagination in the New World."

The New York Historical humanity held its first St. Nicholas celebration evening meal on December 6, 1810. John Pintard requested creative person Alexander Anderson to conceive the first American image of Nicholas for the event. Nicholas was shown in a gift-giving function with children's delicacies in stockings hanging at a fireplace. The accompanying verse ends, "Saint Nicholas, my dear good friend! To serve you ever was my end, If you will, now, me something give, I'll serve you ever while I live."

The 19th years was a time of cultural transition. New York writers, and others, wanted to domesticate the Christmas holiday. After Puritans and other Calvinists had eradicated Christmas as a holy time of the year, popular commemorations became riotous, boasting drunken men and public disorder. Christmas of vintage was not the images we envisage of families accumulated cozily round hearth and tree swapping attractive gifts and vocalising carols while grinning benevolently at young kids. Rather, it was characterized by raucous, drunken mobs roaming streets, impairing house, intimidating and scary the upper classes. The vacation season, approaching after harvest when work was eased and more leisure likely, was a time when employees and servants took the top hand, demanding largess and more. Through the first half of the 19th century, Presbyterians, Baptists, Quakers and other Protestants proceeded to regard December 25th as a day without devout implication, a day for usual enterprise. This was not a neutral stance, rather Christmas observance was seen as inconsistent with gospel adoration. Industrialists were joyous to reduce employees' leisure time and allowed many less vacations than existed in Europe.

All of this started to change as a new comprehending of family life and the place of young kids was emerging. Childhood was approaching to be glimpsed as a stage of life in which larger protection, protecting, training and education were required. And so the season came gradually to be tamed, rotating toward stores and dwelling. St. Nicholas, too, took on new attributes to fit the changing times.1821 conveyed some new components with publication of the first lithographed publication in America, the Children's ally. This "Sante Claus" reached from the North in a sleigh with a soaring reindeer. The anonymous poem and illustrations verified key in moving imagery away from a saintly bishop. Sante Claus fit a didactic mode, rewarding good demeanour and penalizing awful, leaving a "long, very dark birchen rod directs a Parent's hand to use when virtue's route his children refuse." presents were safe toys, "pretty doll . peg-top, or a ball; no crackers, cannons, squibs, or rockets to assault their eyes up, or their pockets. No percussion instruments to stun their Mother's ear, neither swords to make their sisters fear; but attractive books to shop their brain with knowledge of each diverse kind." The sleigh itself even sported a bookshelf for the "pretty publications." The publication also especially assessed S. Claus' first appearance on Christmas Eve, rather than December 6th.

The jolly elf image obtained another large-scale boost in 1823, from a verse destined to become immensely popular, "A Visit from St. Nicholas," now better renowned as "The evening Before Christmas."

He was dressed all in fur, from his head to his base,
And his apparel were all tarnished with ashes and soot;
A bundle of toys he had flung on his back,
And he looked like a peddler just unfastening his bag.

His eyes—how they twinkled! his dimples how merry!
His cheeks were like roses, his nose like a cherry!
His droll little mouth was drawn up like a bow,
And the beard of his chin was as white as the snow;

The stump of a pipe he held tight in his teeth,
And the fumes it encircled his head like a wreath;
He had a very wide face and a little around belly,
That agitated, when he joked like a bowlful of jelly.
He was chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf. . . .Washington Irving's St. Nicholas powerfully influenced the poem's portrayal of a aaround, pipe-smoking, elf-like St. Nicholas. The poem generally has been attributed to Clement Clark Moore, a professor of biblical languages at New York's Episcopal General Theological Seminary. Moore was a ally and close by of William Gilley, who had published Sancte Claus in 1821:

Old Santeclaus with much great pleasure
His reindeer drives the frosty evening
O'er chimney peaks and pathways of snowfall
To convey his annual presents to you.

although, a case has been made by Don Foster in scribe unidentified, that Henry Livingston really penned it in 1807 or 1808. Livingston was a farmer/patriot who wrote funny verse for children. In any case, "A Visit from St. Nicholas" became a defining American holiday classic. No issue who wrote it, the poem has had tremendous leverage on the Americanization of St. Nicholas.The New York elite did well in domesticating Christmas through a new "Santa Claus" custom created by Washington Irving, John Pintard and Clement Clarke Moore. Moore's verse was printed in four new almanacs in 1824, just one year after it was in the Troy, New York, paper. The poem and other descriptions of the Santa Claus ceremonial emerged in more and more local papers. More than any thing else, "A Visit From St. Nicholas" presented the custom of a cozy, household Santa Christmas custom to the territory.

Other creative persons and writers continued the change to an elf-like St. Nicholas, "Sancte Claus," or "Santa Claus," unlike the stately European bishop. In 1863, during the Civil conflict, political cartoonist Thomas Nast started a sequence of annual black-and-white drawings in Harper's every week, founded on the descriptions found in the verse and Washington Irving's work. These drawings established a rotund Santa with raging torrent beard, fur garments, and an omnipresent mud pipe. Nast's Santa sustained the amalgamation and President Lincoln accepted this assisted to the amalgamation armies' success by demoralizing Confederate fighters. As Nast drew Santas until 1886, his work had considerable leverage in forming the American Santa Claus. Along with look alterations, the saint's title moved to Santa Claus—a natural phonetic alteration from the German Sankt Niklaus.

places of worship, influenced by German immigrants who loved Christmas, Clement Clarke Moore, Washington Irving, Charles Dickens, the Oxford action in the Anglican church, and place of worship instrumentalists adopting carol vocalising, began to convey Christmas observances into their lives. The development of Sunday Schools in towns exposed hundreds of thousands of young kids to Christianity. Initially oopposed to Christmas observance, by the 1850s Sunday Schools had found out that a Christmas tree, Santa and presents, greatly improved attendance. So, in a strange twist of destiny, the new "secular" Santa Claus, no longer glimpsed as a devout figure, assisted come back Christmas observance to churches.Santa was then portrayed by dozens of artists in a broad variety of methods, sizes, and colors. although by the end of the 1920s, a standard American Santa—life-sized in a red, fur-trimmed suit—had appeared from the work of N. C. Wyeth, J. C. Leyendecker, Norman Rockwell and other popular illustrators. The likeness was solidified before Haddon Sundblom, in 1931, began thirty-five years of Coca-Cola Santa advertisements that farther popularized and solidly established this Santa as an icon of contemporary financial culture.This Santa was life-sized, jolly, and was clothed in the now well known red suit. He emerged in magazines, on billboards, and shop counters, boosting Americans to see Coke as the solution to "a desire for all seasons." By the 1950s Santa was rotating up universal as a benign source of beneficence, endorsing an astonishing range of consumer products. This financial success led to the North American Santa Claus being exported round the world where he intimidates to overwhelm the European St. Nicholas, who has kept his identity as a Christian bishop and saint.It's been a long journey from the Fourth years Bishop of Myra, St. Nicholas, who showed his devotion to God in exceptional consideration and generosity to those in need, to America's jolly Santa Claus, whose largesse often provision luxuries to the affluent. However, if you peel back the accretions, he is still Nicholas, Bishop of Myra, whose nurturing shocks continue to model factual giving and faithfulness.There is growing interest in reclaiming the initial saint in the joined States to help refurbish a religious dimension to this festive time. For really, St. Nicholas, lover of the poor and patron saint of young kids, is a form of how Christians are intended to live. A bishop, Nicholas put Jesus Christ at the center of his life, his ministry, his whole reality. Families, places of worship, and schools are adopting true St Nicholas customs as one way to claim the true center of Christmas—the birth of Jesus. Such a aim helps refurbish balance to progressively materialistic and stress-filled Advent and Christmas times of the year.

Elves are known to be minute, dwarf-like animals, either male or female, with sharp ears. They are youthful but immortal and have magical powers that can command what you see and experience. Their abodes are said to be below ground, in timber plantations, or in springs and wells, but no one really understands about it because they hold their position a secret! It is also accepted that on the 6th of January the elves lightweightweight up their torches and arrive down from their mystery village in the hill to play in a concealed area to commemorate the last day of Christmas.

But do you understand who these elves are? 

Are they genuine creatures or just a myth? What is the article behind their source? What is the mystery behind them?

Elves have a fascinating history that is affiliated with Germanic paganism. Elves are originally glimpsed to be the creation of Germanic paganism who thought them to be the creatures of light who dwelled in the heavens. Elves have been depicted as male or female, tiny or dwarf-like, youthful and immortal with magical powers. Later they were often mentioned to as living underground, in forests, jumps and wells. Elves usually were magical beings who could control what people glimpse as well as experience. Elves and fairies are furthermore highly affiliated with the mushroom "Amanita Muscaria", furthermore mentioned to as "magic mushrooms" not only in art but in Psychedelic knowledge.

Centuries ago, in the pagan times, Scandinavian persons believed that elves are dwelling gnomes who defended their homes against evil. If you were good, the elves were good to you, but if you were bad, the mischievous elves would play tricks on you. whereas these gnomes mostly were benevolent, they could rapidly turn nasty when not properly treated, so it is notified. Some of the tricks they relished playing were giving you nightmares by being seated on your head while you were dreaming, tangling your hair as you slept, making your milk turn tart, and robbing your sausages. Folks accepted that if they left a bowl of porridge on the doorstep at evening, the elves would be happy and not subject them to their ornery antics. Throughout the centuries, they were either loved or hated. Some persons even accepted them to be trolls and cannibals. The perception of gnomes largely depended on if a individual was naughty, or pleasant.

By the mid-1800's the true purpose of the elves was disclosed by the Scandinavians. Elves - currently a custom associated with article telling and illusion, presumed a new implication in the mid-1800's and their factual aim started to be held as not anything additional but to help dad Christmas (Santa Claus). This was the handiwork of the well liked Scandinavian writers of the day. At this time, complicated Christmas carnivals retrieved popularity and Scandinavian article writers such as Thile, Toplius, Rydberg sketched the elves' factual function in up to date life: fairies that are rather mischievous, but the factual associates and helpers of Father Christmas. It is throughout this period when the elves began to be referred to as the "Christmas elves", or simply "elves", and not "house gnomes" anymore. Artists such as Hansen and Nystrm accomplished the image of elves for us. It is now started to be held that the elves help Santa conceive and make the magnificent playthings and presents he brings to children. They were said to have other duties as well. Some elves take care of Santa's reindeer and keep his sleigh in good status, ready to go by plane through the atmosphere on Christmas Eve. other ones help Santa hold his naughty and pleasant register in order, and some elves guard the secret location of Santa's town. Elves make sudden appearances in the days before Christmas, to keep an eye on each young kids and glimpse which of them are behaving well and complying their parents. They are accepted to be Santa's mystery agents and report their findings back to him. Children who are unkind and misbehave have their titles added to the naughty register and may wake up Christmas forenoon to find their filled with chunks of coal or packages of twigs!

ElvesThe elves could be cooperative now. Their mischievousness, although, was still evident in the kind of tales told about them. Tales proposed that how you were treated by the elves counted on if the person was considered to be naughty or pleasant! especially in America, the diminutive, green with pointy ears kind are depicted as Santa's helpers making toys in his workshop at the North Pole.

At one stage it was thought that the elves reside in dad Christmas' (Santa's) village in North beam. although, in 1925 it was found out that there are no reindeer in the North Pole but there are many in Lapland, Finland. Since reindeers draw the sleigh of Santa Claus, he should be dwelling in an area, where there are large number of these animals available. Since then, it is accepted that there is a mystery village with a mystery route, somewhere in Lapland, where Santa, his wife and his group of elves reside. no one has actually glimpsed their village because the passage to it is a mystery that is renowned only to dad Christmas and the elves. But people accept as true that it is somewhere on the Korvatunturi mountain in the Savukoski shire of Lapland, Finland, which is on the Finnish-Russian border.

Some persons that Santa employs six elves, while others think that he has nine elf assistants. other ones believe that there are as numerous as 13 elves dwelling with Santa to help him. Elves are the children of Gryla and Leppaludi and are very quick-witted. They help Santa to conceive playthings and method demands of children that are dispatched to them through snail mail or internet messages. The well liked Western names of the Christmas elves assisting Santa Claus are:

1. Alabaster Snowball (Administrator of the Naughty & pleasant list).

2. Bushy Evergreen (Inventor of the magic toy-making machine).

3. Pepper Minstix (Guardian of the mystery of where dad Christmas's town is located).

4. Shinny Upatree (The oldest ally of Santa and the cofounder of the mystery town in Lapland).

5. Sugarplum Mary (Head of the Sweat delicacies, she is furthermore renowned as Mary Christmas. She is an aide to Mrs Claus and helps her in the kitchen).

6. Wunorse Openslae (Designer of Father Christmas's sleigh and to blame for its upkeep. He also looks after the reindeers and it is believed that his reindeers reach races faster than Christmas tree lights).

The very old folklores of Iceland mention elves by the names of Askasleikir, Bjugnakraekir, Faldafeykir, Gattathefur, Giljagaur, Gluggagaegir, Ketkrokur, Kertasnikir, Pottasleikir, Skyrjarmur, Stekkjarstaur, Stufur and Thvorusleikir. Other titles of Santa's elves that can be found are Baggalutur, Bjalmans barnid, Bjalminn sjalfur, Bitahaengir, Frodusleikir, Laekjaraegir, Raudur, Redda, Sledda, Steingrimur, Syrjusleikir, Tifill and Tutur.

According to some legends and post-Christian folklore particularly in Europe, elves are mischievous pranksters who make exceptional appearances throughout the lead up to Christmas. For example "Albtraum" is a German phrase for nightmare which also means "elf dream". previous the phrase meant "elf force" as it was accepted that nightmares are a outcome of an elf being seated on the dreamer's head! Elves also were believed to braid people's hair while dozing, make milk tart and run off with sausages. persons of Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway accepted that a basin of porridge left out would prevent elves from playing tricks on persons especially throughout the festive season! Today, elves affiliated with Christmas are emblems to recall children to be good and not naughty!

With so numerous choices on the market for programs, pills and treatments to help you kick the habit. How can you tell which is the best method to use?

How can people understand what the most productive procedures are to help you stop fuming? 

 The good report is that the United States public health services have reconsidered the scientific publications on ways to stop fuming and has unbelievably thoroughly, systematically and impartially investigated those methods. They really reconsidered more than 8,000 scientific items and they dragged them simultaneously to give what are called meta-analytical results, so not just one lone article or one anecdotal report, but rather, the whole body of research on the most productive ways to quit smoking.

 And what are their findings?
 Those guidelines actually focus three centre components to effectively quitting. The first is therapy, and therapy is habitually a attractive nebulous term, but there are stop lines over America (1-800-QUIT-NOW), which any person can call and get the government services to help them to quit. What they’ll do is give you advising—one-on-one personalized, individualized advising to help you to quit. And that has been shown to considerably quit rates.

The second action that has been shown to actually increase stop rates is systematically recognising smokers when they present to health clinics in America, having a system in location in those clinics to help them to quit, and having it conveyed up every time they visit. We know that seven out of 10 smokers visit a prime care medical practitioner every year, so those physicians have unequalled get access to to smokers.

The third scientifically verified treatment is surgery. All three of these are important, they work additively, each of them by themselves boost stop rates, but when you blend them it reallyboosts stop rates.

What medications have been shown to work?
The government recognised seven medicines that the FDA has tested and endorsed. There are five nicotine medicines: the gum, the patch, the lozenge, the nasal squirt and the inhaler. And then there are two prescription tablets: Bupropion, some persons understand it by the emblem title Zyban, and the other is called Varenicline, which persons may know by the brand name Chantix. Those two have been shown to boost success rates. Of course, any medicine you need to converse to your doctor about. Each of these medicines have some persons for who they’re not befitting, but for the most part the medicines can be used for most smokers.
 How long should persons be one these medications?
The suggested remedy for nicotine medicines—in fact all five of them—is any place from eight weeks of the surgery up to six months. That’s the suggested course of treatment, and that’s attractive much across the board for all of them. persons tend to use the gum and the lozenge longer and the nicotine patch shorter.

Can any of these procedures used to stop be addictive themselves?
 Here’s the actually centre topic. Cigarettes contain 4,000 chemicals, of which about 40 are carcinogens, which can origin cancerous disease. Nicotine is only one of 4,000. It occurs to be the addictive one, but it’s only one of 4,000. What the idea is in conceiving these medications is that you get relieve of your tobacco with those 4,000 chemicals, you use nicotine as a bridge to then get to a issue where you’re utilising no nicotine and no cigarettes. That is the goal.

The wipe of course is the 5% of persons who successfully stop with nicotine goods, but end up using them long period. Is that a aim? Absolutely not, the aim is to be free of both tobacco and nicotine, but if the alternate is, Do I use one chemical—nicotine—indefinitely, or do I come back to tobacco with 4,000 chemicals, many of which are dangerous like arsenic and carcinogens? Without inquiry I’d say to a persevering, our aim is to get you off these medications, but if the only way you can stay free of tobacco is to use them, then the risk of that nicotine is so negligible that it’s reasonable compared to the tremendous risk of the 4,000 chemicals in tobacco.

Nicotine gum, such as the brand Nicorette, is one of the procedures people tend to stay on longer. Can extended use of the nicotine gum be hurtful?

The jury is still out on that, there are at smallest some theoretical risks of nicotine in terms of the cardiovascular system. Some of these dangers may be affiliated with the way it’s delivered—particularly if it’s delivered to the lungs in cigarettes it appears to be much more hurtful than through a gum or a patch. The risks are likely, but probably minimal. But, realistically, it’s a no brainer when you match it up against the dangers of fuming.

If persons have booted smoking, but are trying to ditch their stop method, is there anything you can suggest?
There’s not a allotment of science to direct that, but my clinical know-how is that there are a few schemes that can be utilised. One is to take the gum on a more arranged cornerstone, a particular time throughout the day, and over a twosome of weeks elongate the time between parts of the gum. The second approach is to cut the gum in half, and blend it with a part of normal masticating gum. The third approach that we’ve used in our clinic is to purchase a actually peppery cinnamon gum like Big Red, and use that to alternate in between parts of the Nicorette, and you get the identical flavour sensation that you’ve gotten utilised to, but you don’t get the strike of nicotine. You then boost the allowance of peppery gum and decrease the allowance of pieces of nicotine gum.

When you have a new persevering trying to stop fuming, what procedure do you favour?

significantly, what I start with is coaching and counseling. This isn’t all about a surgery, it really is taking a individual who has made a conclusion to stop and giving them some additional devices. So we converse about setting a specific stop designated day, some specific time over the next week when, on that designated day, you’ll start with not even a single puff. The second thing we do is review past know-how. nearly every smoker has currently endeavoured to quit, but got into problem and finally relapsed, so how can they handle that position differently? And furthermore, what worked, and can we build on that?

The third point is to ask them to anticipate challenges to the upcoming stop try. Smokers understand what’s going to get them into problem, and if they perform contending strategies or plans before they stop, when they’re in departure, they’re much more likely to apply those plans and make it through those dangerous positions. Another element to consider is alcohol—the premier component that is affiliated with falling short once you’ve started a stop try is consuming. 50% of people who try to stop and then relapse have some alcoholic beverage in their bloodstream when they have the first puff of fumes that directs to that relapse. So we advocate them to, perhaps for the first month or two, to completely abstain, so you don’t let your guard down in a way that will lead you to relapse. The connection between consuming and smoking is a powerful one. And the last of the five points is smokers in the household. likely the hardest thing is if you’re wed to a smoker, you’re trying to stop, but your spouse is extending to fumes. You actually need to set up some ground directions for the dwelling, and let them understand that I won’t be at my best for the next couple of weeks and I’ll need a little slack.

We then link this type of advising with one of the seven medicines, and which of the seven medicines we use counts on the individual, and their history.

What finishes up occurrence is you start with a individual who feels helpless and overwhelm, and rather than you have a individual who has a really specific plan to stop.

He will go down in history as the creator of the world's most famous rifle, the AK-47, hailed by enthusiasts for its durability and lightweight firepower. Mikhail Kalashnikov said he wishes he had paid more attention to his garden instead.

Mr Kalashnikov, said if he had his time again he would try to design something useful rather than destructive - preferably a lawnmower.

"I'm proud of my invention, but I'm sad that it is used by terrorists," he said on a visit to Germany, adding: "I would prefer to have invented a machine that people could use and that would help farmers with their work - for example a lawnmower."

The former Red Army officer was opening an AK-47 exhibition in a weapons museum in Suhl, eastern Germany. His comment, made to the German tabloid Bild, was reminiscent of Albert Einstein's remark reflecting on his role in the development of the atom bomb: "If only I had known, I should have become a watchmaker."

Mr Kalashnikov, a peasant's son who lives in Siberia, was quick to stress he has made not a kopek from his rifle, 100m of which have been sold since production began in 1947. "The state took everything for it," he said.

He said the Germans were indirectly responsible for the design, which was adopted by the Russian army in 1949. In 1941 a fellow soldier asked him: "Why do our soldiers have only one rifle between three men, while the Germans have automatics?" "So I invented an automatic," he said. "I'm proud of my invention, but I'm sad that it is used by terrorists ... I would prefer to have invented a machine that people could use and that would help farmers with their work — for example a lawn mower."
"Blame the Nazi Germans for making me become a gun designer ... I always wanted to construct agriculture machinery.""I created a weapon to defend the borders of my motherland. It's not my fault that it's being used where it shouldn't be. The politicians are more to blame for this."
"When a young man, I read somewhere the following: God the Almighty said, 'All that is too complex is unnecessary, and it is simple that is needed' ... So this has been my lifetime motto – I have been creating weapons to defend the borders of my fatherland, to be simple and reliable

Medals
    Medal "Hammer and Sickle" (1958,1976)
    Medal "For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945"
    Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
    Medal "In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
    Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
    Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
    Medal "For Distinction in Guarding the State Border of the USSR"
    Medal "Veteran of Labor" on behalf of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
    Jubilee Medal "30 years of the Soviet Army and Navy"
    Jubilee Medal "40 years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
    Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
    Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
    Jubilee Medal "70 years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
    Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th anniversary of Moscow"

certain thing comical is going on. More young women are on diets and more young women are overweight than ever before. Let's face it, numerous of us have a tortured connection with food.

But not admiration your body  and not being able to enjoy food without guilt takes the joy out of life. You can breeze up feeling bad most of the time, and your associates probably do too. Here are six ways to seem good about yourself and your nourishment.

1. Eat Only When You’re famished yes, Right

Everyday you’re faced with temptation. nourishment is a large-scale part of birthdays, vacations, and just suspending out with associates. You proceed on a diet, and that just makes things poorer. You deprive yourself, and disregard your body when it states it’s famished. But let your guard down for one second and abruptly there’s no saying no to that super-size sundae.

2. Stay Away From Yo-yo eating sparingly

Sure, the miracle diet of the week can melt away pounds. But inside a few months, your heaviness is right back to where it started, and often moves up from there. “Yo-yo eating sparingly is much poorer than carrying a few additional pounds,” states Nanci Ginty Butler, LICSW, MSW, who works with girls at waterfront Community Care. You gain more weight over time and furthermore gain more fat.

3. recognize You Are More than Your examines
“Girls get the note that what they gaze like is more important than what they can do,” says Catherine Steiner-Adair Catherine Steiner-Adair, EdD, who investigations consuming disorders at Harvard health School. young women of all dimensions notify her they’re not attractive enough or slim enough to chase their goals, like being a medical practitioner or a vet.

4. Know the reality About consuming Disorders

An obsession with nourishment, or not consuming nourishment, is awful for you, simple and simple. But underneath the exterior, it’s not about nourishment at all. It's about how you seem about yourself. If you don’t like how you gaze, or who you are, mislaying weight is not going to rectify that.

Pay attention to how much time and energy you spend being concerned about your size. If nourishment or feeling awful about your body is all you can think about, talk to somebody you believe, like your medical practitioner, school counselor, or mother. If you don’t desire to talk to somebody you know, the nationwide consuming Disorders Association world wide world wide web location has a allotment of information and persons trained to help.

5. proceed on a newspapers Diet

It’s hard to look at a assortment of gorgeous models and not seem bad about what you see in the reflector. The reality is, most forms don’t look like forms either. Computer airbrushing enhances photographs so models gaze bigger, narrower, and more glamorous. Try taking a shatter from any newspapers that makes a mess of your body likeness.

6. proceed Back to Basics: Eat When You’re famished

We said it before, it’s not very simple, but eating when you’re famished is possible. gaze at the reasons you consume. Butler has girls hold a journal of what they consume, why they consume, and how they feel afterward. “Figuring out why you eat is an significant part of healthy consuming,” she says. Connecting the spots between consuming and hunger is step one in getting genuine with your body.